perm filename TEXTEX.TEX[TEX,ALS]6 blob sn#684307 filedate 1982-08-27 generic text, type C, neo UTF8
COMMENT ⊗   VALID 00005 PAGES
C REC  PAGE   DESCRIPTION
C00001 00001
C00002 00002	\input kermac % This is the "TEXTEXT Beginner's Manual" source text
C00005 00003	\appsectionbegin{Appendix F}
C00018 00004	\def\¬{\char'16 }
C00061 00005
C00068 ENDMK
C⊗;
\input kermac % This is the "TEXTEXT Beginner's Manual" source text
\input matmac
\input papmac
    \def\TEX{\hbox{T\hskip-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\hskip-.075em X}}
    \def\Section{}  % Remove the section symbol
\secsubsecstyle
\tenpoint
\setcount0 1

\appsectionbegin{Appendix F}

\ctrline{\bigfnt Characters Produced by Control Sequences}
\ctrline{\bigfnt when in math mode}
Some of these characters are available directly from some terminals.  All
of them can be obtained via the \\char route (e.g.  When using a \\rm
font, \ \\char\char'16 000 \ produces the upper-case Gamma  \ \char'000 ).
Note that \\gamma is not the same as \\Gamma.

\noindent{Lower Case Greek Letters}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\alpha⊗\\alpha\cr
\beta⊗\\beta\cr
\gamma⊗\\gamma\cr
\delta⊗\\delta\cr
\epsilon⊗\\epsilon\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\zeta⊗\\zeta\cr
\eta⊗\\eta\cr
\theta⊗\\theta\cr
\iota⊗\\iota\cr
\kappa⊗\\kappa\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\lambda⊗\\lambda\cr
\mu⊗\\mu\cr
\nu⊗\\nu\cr
\xi⊗\\xi\cr
\pi⊗\\pi\cr
\rho⊗\\rho\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\sigma⊗\\sigma\cr
\tau⊗\\tau\cr
\upsilon⊗\\upsilon\cr
\phi⊗\\phi\cr
\chi⊗\\chi\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\psi⊗\\psi\cr
\omega⊗\\omega\cr
\varphi⊗\\varphi\cr
\varpi⊗\\varpi\cr
\vartheta⊗\\vartheta\cr}}$$

\noindent{Upper Case Greek Letters}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Gamma⊗\\Gamma\cr
\Delta⊗\\Delta\cr
\Theta⊗\\Theta\cr
\Lambda⊗\\Lambda\cr
}}\qquad\quad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Xi⊗\\Xi\cr
\Pi⊗\\Pi\cr
\Sigma⊗\\Sigma\cr
\Upsilon⊗\\Upsilon\cr
\Phi⊗\\Phi\cr
}}\qquad\quad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Psi⊗\\Psi\cr
\Omega⊗\\Omega\cr
\Gammait⊗\\Gammait\cr
\Deltait⊗\\Deltait\cr
}}\qquad\quad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Thetait⊗\\Thetait\cr
\Lambdait⊗\\Lambdait\cr
\Xiit⊗\\Xiit\cr
\Piit⊗\\Piit\cr
\Sigmait⊗\\Sigmait\cr
}}\qquad\quad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Upsilonit⊗\\Upsilonit\cr
\Phiit⊗\\Phiit\cr
\Psiit⊗\\Psiit\cr
\Omegait⊗\\Omegait\cr}}$$

\noindent{Script letters}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Ascr⊗\\Ascr\cr
\Bscr⊗\\Bscr\cr
\Cscr⊗\\Cscr\cr
\Dscr⊗\\Dscr\cr
\Escr⊗\\Escr\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Fscr⊗\\Fscr\cr
\Gscr⊗\\Gscr\cr
\Hscr⊗\\Hscr\cr
\Iscr⊗\\Iscr\cr
\Jscr⊗\\Jscr\cr
\Kscr⊗\\Kscr\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Lscr⊗\\Lscr\cr
\Mscr⊗\\Mscr\cr
\Nscr⊗\\Nscr\cr
\Oscr⊗\\Oscr\cr
\Pscr⊗\\Pscr\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Qscr⊗\\Qscr\cr
\Rscr⊗\\Rscr\cr
\Sscr⊗\\Sscr\cr
\Tscr⊗\\Tscr\cr
\Uscr⊗\\Uscr\cr
\Vscr⊗\\Vscr\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\Wscr⊗\\Wscr\cr
\Xscr⊗\\Xscr\cr
\Yscr⊗\\Yscr\cr
\Zscr⊗\\Zscr\cr
\lscr⊗\\lscr\cr}}$$

\noindent{Binary operators}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\pm⊗\\pm\cr
\mp⊗\\mp\cr
\times⊗\\times\cr
\div⊗\\div\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\rslash⊗\\rslash\cr
\cdot⊗\\cdot\cr
\oplus⊗\\oplus\cr
\ominus⊗\\ominus\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\otimes⊗\\otimes\cr
\odiv⊗\\odiv\cr
\odot⊗\\odot\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\uplus⊗\\uplus\cr
\ast⊗\\ast\cr
\circ⊗\\circ\cr
\diam⊗\\diam\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\bullet⊗\\bullet\cr
\interc⊗\\interc\cr
\lub⊗\\lub\cr
\glb⊗\\glb\cr}}$$

\noindent {Binary relations}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\up⊗\\up\cr
\down⊗\\down\cr
\←⊗\\$←$\cr
\→⊗\\$→$\cr
\↑⊗\\$\up$\cr
\↓⊗\\$\down$\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\↔⊗\\spose{$→$}{$←$}\cr
\lsh⊗\\lsh\cr
\rsh⊗\\rsh\cr
\perp⊗\\perp\cr
\vdash⊗\\vdash\cr
\dashv⊗\\dashv\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\mapsto⊗\\mapsto\cr
\relv⊗\\relv\cr
\relvv⊗\\relvv\cr
\subset⊗\\subset\cr
\supset⊗\\supset\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\not⊗\\not\cr
\in⊗\\in\cr
\notin⊗\\notin\cr
\prec⊗\\prec\cr
\preceq⊗\\preceq\cr
\succ⊗\\succ\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\succeq⊗\\succeq\cr
\sqsub⊗\\sqsub\cr
\lsls⊗\\lsls\cr
\grgr⊗\\grgr\cr
\simeq⊗\\simeq\cr
\approx⊗\\approx\cr
\doteq⊗\\doteq\cr}}$$
Note: The \ \\not \ symbol has zero width (to overwrite a following character).


\noindent{Brackets}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\lfloor⊗\\lfloor\cr
\lceil⊗\\lceil\cr
\{⊗\\$\{$\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\langle⊗\\langle\cr
\dleft⊗\\dleft\cr
\leftv⊗\\leftv\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\leftvv⊗\\leftvv\cr
\rfloor⊗\\rfloor\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\rceil⊗\\rceil\cr
\}⊗\\$\}$\cr
\rangle⊗\\rangle\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\dright⊗\\dright\cr
\rightv⊗\\rightv\cr
\rightvv⊗\\rightvv\cr}}$$

\noindent{Large Operators (text and display styles)}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗\hfill$\dispstyle#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\sum⊗\sum⊗\\sum\cr
\osum⊗\osum⊗\\osum\cr
\int⊗\int⊗\\int\cr
\oint⊗\oint⊗\\oint\cr
}}\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗\hfill$\dispstyle#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\inter⊗\inter⊗\\inter\cr
\union⊗\union⊗\\union\cr
\squnion⊗\squnion⊗\\squnion\cr
\meet⊗\meet⊗\\meet\cr
\join⊗\join⊗\\join\cr
}}\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗\hfill$\dispstyle#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\prod⊗\prod⊗\\prod\cr
\oprod⊗\oprod⊗\\oprod\cr
\odotprod⊗\odotprod⊗\\odotprod\cr
\munion⊗\munion⊗\\munion\cr}}$$

\noindent{Miscellaneous Math Symbols}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\iit⊗\\iit\cr
\jit⊗\\jit\cr
\real⊗\\real\cr
\imag⊗\\imag\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\aleph⊗\\aleph\cr
\wp⊗\\wp\cr
\infty⊗\\infty\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\emptyset⊗\\emptyset\cr
\#⊗\\$\#$\cr
\|⊗\\|\cr
\angle⊗\\angle\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\prime⊗\\prime\cr
\partial⊗\\partial\cr
\nabla⊗\\nabla\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\smallint⊗\\smallint\cr
\surd⊗\\surd\cr
\top⊗\\top\cr
\bot⊗\\bot\cr}}$$

\noindent{Miscellaneous Non-Math Symbols Allowed Only in Math Mode)}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\section⊗\\section\cr
\dag⊗\\dag\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\ddag⊗\\ddag\cr
\P⊗\\P\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\@⊗\\\@\cr
\copyright⊗\\copyright\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\sterling⊗\\sterling\cr
\$⊗\\\$\cr}}$$

\par\vfill\eject
\def\¬{\char'16 }

\sethsize{3in}
\topspace 1.25in
{\bf \ \TEX\ standard roman fonts.}\lbrk
These codes are used for \\rm,\ \\sl, \ and \ \\bf  fonts.
Codes \¬000 through \¬041  are accessed by control sequences as
defined later in this appendix. Codes \¬043 and \¬044 are undefined.
Codes \¬042, \¬134, \¬136, \¬137, and \¬173 through \¬177 are
accessed indirectly via ligature information stored within
the font itself.

\par
\vskip -2.50in
\moveright3.5in\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 23pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10pt depth 4pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗     ⊗     ⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗\\067\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗\\077\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗\\156⊗\\157\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗\\167\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}

\par
%\vskip .5in
\vskip 1.25in

{\bf \ \TEX\ typewriter (\\tt) fonts.}\lbrk
{\def\\{\char'}
All of the ascii printing characters appear in this fixed-width font
although the character $\}$ is at its SUAI code position rather than at
its ascii position.  All SUAI characters that appear (some
are missing) are in their SUAI positions except for {\tt\\024},
{\tt\\025}, {\tt\\032}, {\tt\\033}, and {\tt\\175},
Codes \¬000 through \¬024 contain equivalent characters to those at the
same locations in the rm fonts.  Code \¬040 prints as \ {\tt\\040} \ to
stand for a blank space when this representation is needed.}

% \vskip -1.755in
\vskip -2.5in
\moveright3.5in\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 23pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10pt depth 4pt}
{\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗\\067\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗\\077\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗\\156⊗\\157\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗\\167\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr
\noalign{\hrule}}}}

\par\vfill\eject
% \topspace .875in
\topspace 1.375in
{\bf \ \TEX\ standard math italic fonts.}\lbrk
These codes are used for \\it fonts. They are used directly for ascii
printed characters (except for the \%\ sign and the ten missing symbols in
the \TEX\ roman fonts), and by control sequences for lower case Greek
letters, upper case italic Greek letters, and a few other special symbols.

%\vskip -2in
\vskip -2.5in
\moveright3.5in\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 23pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10pt depth 4pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗\\067\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗\\077\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗     ⊗\\135⊗     ⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗\\156⊗\\157\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗\\167\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}

\par\vskip 1.5in

{\bf \ \TEX\ standard math symbol fonts.}\lbrk
These codes are used for \\sy fonts and are usually accessed by control
sequences, although they may be accessed directly if you know what you are doing
and/or if you have the appropriate keys on your terminal. Those positions left blank
are undefined. The character at code \¬100 is used for negation (it has zero width
and it can be used to overstrike the symbol that follows it).

\vskip -2.5in
\moveright3.5in\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 23pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10pt depth 4pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 23pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗     ⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗\\167\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}

\par\vfill\end

\noindent{\bf \ \TEX\ Standard Math Extension Fonts.}\lbrk 
The table of
128 codes on the next page
shows the form \TEX\ expects the extension ({\tt ex}) font to
have in math mode, if you use variable delimiters or the control
sequences for large operators listed later in this appendix.

\noindent{\bf 6. \TEX\ standard math symbol fonts.}\xskip The following
table of 128 codes shows the form \TEX\ expects the symbol ({\tt sy}) fonts
to have in math mode, if you use the control sequences for various special
symbols listed later in this appendix, or if you use special keys on your
terminal in math mode as explained below in subsection 8. Several positions
are undefined; they can be filled with any special characters
that might be needed in a particular job. The character in position
\¬100, which is used to negate a relation, has zero width.

\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10.5pt depth 4.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗     ⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗      cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}
\eject

\par\vfill\end

\noindent{\bf \ \TEX\ Standard Math Extension Fonts.}\lbrk 
 The table of
128 codes on the next page
shows the form \TEX\ expects the extension ({\tt ex}) font to
have in math mode, if you use variable delimiters or the control
sequences for large operators listed later in this appendix.

\vfill
{\def\bracex{\leaders\hrule height 1.5pt \hfill}
\def\dnbrace{$\char'772$\bracex$\char'775
              \char'774$\bracex$\char'773$}
\def\upbrace{$\char'774$\bracex$\char'773
              \char'772$\bracex$\char'775$}
\hbox to size{\hfill\hbox to 250pt{\dnbrace}\hfill}
\vskip6pt
\hbox to size{\hfill$\left\{\hskip6pt\vcenter{
\hbox par 250pt{Actually
\TEX\ addresses most of these characters indirectly; for example, all
left parentheses are addressed starting with character \¬000, based on
information stored in the font itself, and the font also tells \TEX\
that arbitrarily large left parentheses can be made from characters
\¬060 (top), \¬102 (middle), \¬100 (bottom). The only codes explicitly
referred to by \TEX\ are \¬000 to \¬016, \¬110, \¬112, \¬114, \¬116,
\¬120 to \¬127, and \¬160. Thus, a font designer can move most of the
other symbols if desired, subject only to the restriction that the code number
of a large symbol be greater than the code numbers
of its smaller variants.\xskip (If
codes are changed, however, it may be necessary to change the definitions of
control sequences like {\≡\bigglp≡\} in Appendix B.)\xskip It is expected that positions
marked ``{\:fundefined}'' in this chart will be filled with characters specially
tailored to specific jobs; for example, character \¬177 is used for the
``dangerous bend'' symbol in this manual, but it might not be present in
all \TEX\ extension fonts.}}\hskip6pt\right\}$\hfill}
\vskip6pt
\hbox to size{\hfill\hbox to 250pt{\upbrace}\hfill}}
\vfill
\eject

\vfill
\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\0{\vrule height 7.5pt depth 2.5pt}
\def\1{\vrule height 10pt depth 5pt}
\def\2{\vrule height 14.5pt depth 9.5pt}
\def\3{\vrule height 17.5pt depth 12.5pt}
\def\4{\vrule height 20.5pt depth 15.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt$\vcenter{\hbox{\¬#0}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗#\cr
00⊗\1⊗\\000⊗\1⊗\\001⊗\1⊗\\002⊗\1⊗\\003⊗\1⊗\\004⊗\1⊗\\005⊗\1⊗\\006⊗\1⊗\\007⊗\1\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\1⊗\\010⊗\1⊗\\011⊗\1⊗\\012⊗\1⊗\\013⊗\1⊗\\014⊗\1⊗\\015⊗\1⊗\\016⊗\1⊗     ⊗\1\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\3⊗\\020⊗\3⊗\\021⊗\3⊗\\022⊗\3⊗\\023⊗\3⊗\\024⊗\3⊗\\025⊗\3⊗\\026⊗\3⊗\\027⊗\3\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\3⊗\\030⊗\3⊗\\031⊗\3⊗\\032⊗\3⊗\\033⊗\3⊗\\034⊗\3⊗\\035⊗\3⊗\\036⊗\3⊗      \3\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\4⊗\\040⊗\4⊗\\041⊗\4⊗\\042⊗\4⊗\\043⊗\4⊗\\044⊗\4⊗\\045⊗\4⊗\\046⊗\4⊗\\047⊗\4\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\4⊗\\050⊗\4⊗\\051⊗\4⊗\\052⊗\4⊗\\053⊗\4⊗\\054⊗\4⊗     ⊗\4⊗     ⊗\4⊗     ⊗\4\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\2⊗\\060⊗\2⊗\\061⊗\2⊗\\062⊗\2⊗\\063⊗\2⊗\\064⊗\2⊗\\065⊗\2⊗\\066⊗\2⊗\\067⊗\2\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\2⊗\\070⊗\2⊗\\071⊗\2⊗\\072⊗\2⊗\\073⊗\2⊗\\074⊗\2⊗\\075⊗\2⊗\\076⊗\2⊗\!
\:fundefined⊗\2\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\2⊗\\100⊗\2⊗\\101⊗\2⊗\\102⊗\2⊗\\103⊗\2⊗\:fundefined⊗\2⊗\:fundefined⊗\2⊗\\106\!
⊗\2⊗\\107⊗\2\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\3⊗\\110⊗\3⊗\\111⊗\3⊗\\112⊗\3⊗\\113⊗\3⊗\\114⊗\3⊗\\115⊗\3⊗\\116⊗\3⊗\\117⊗\3\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\1⊗\\120⊗\1⊗\\121⊗\1⊗\\122⊗\1⊗\\123⊗\1⊗\\124⊗\1⊗\\125⊗\1⊗\\126⊗\1⊗\\127⊗\1\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\3⊗\\130⊗\3⊗\\131⊗\3⊗\\132⊗\3⊗\\133⊗\3⊗\\134⊗\3⊗\\135⊗\3⊗\\136⊗\3⊗\\137⊗\3\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:f
undefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:f
undefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\4⊗\\160⊗\4⊗\\161⊗\4⊗\\162⊗\4⊗\\163⊗\4⊗\\164⊗\4⊗\\165⊗\4⊗\\166⊗\4⊗\:f
undefined⊗\4\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\1⊗\\170⊗\1⊗\\171⊗\1⊗\\172⊗\1⊗\\173⊗\1⊗\\174⊗\1⊗\\175⊗\1⊗\:fundefined⊗\1⊗\:f
undefined⊗\1\cr}
\hrule}
\vfill

\sectionbegin{What \TEX\ Does}

\par\vfill\end

You will need to know a few does and don'ts about book-quality texts and
some of the special ways that \TEX\ handles these matters.\lbrk
UPPER and lower cases. \ \TEX\ draws a distnction between upper and lower
case in all cases.  For example,
if the name of a desired control sequence is \\otimes, one
must not type \\Otimes.\lbrk
Extra spaces. \ Since \TEX\ adjusts the spacing between words to achieve the
desired line justification (except when told not to by the control sequence
\\nofill or by the use of a control-sequence specified typewriter-like font)
it automaticaly eats all extra spaces that you may type between words and in
this connection a carriage return is quivalent to a space.  The exception to
this rule is when there are two carriage returns together, resulting in an
empty line which is an indication that you want to start a new paragraph.
But in this case extra empty spaces are similarly eaten!\lbrk


\par\vfill\end

l Sequences and Macros}
\subsectionbegin{Control Sequences and Macros}

The terms {\sl control sequence} and {\sl macro} are frequently used
interchangably to refer to the constructs or commands that are used to
control \TEX.  In this manual we will try to draw a distinction between
those constructs that are more or less primitive that we will call {\sl
control sequences}, and constructs, called {\sl macros}, that are derived
from these {\sl control sequences} (or from other {\sl macros}), usually by
means of the control sequence \\def.
  \TEX\ understands over 300 control
sequences as a part of its standard built-in vocabulary (listed in 
Appendix C).
  Many of these
control sequences take as arguments one or more parameters that are typed
immediately following the control sequence name.  The arguments of macros
are, by way of contrast, usually given in braces following the macro name.
There exist a number of special collections of macros that \TEX\ experts
have found useful for special purposes such, for example, as writing
business letters, preparing internal memoranda, and preparing manuscripts
for publication.
  The beginner is well advised to leave this matter of
designing macros to the experts.  Your only problem will be to learn how
to use someone else's macros.  But don't dispair, most of the ones that
you will be apt to need are more or less self-defined although some of the
abbreviations may be a bit tricky to learn.

\subsectionbegin{The Special Characters}

While the detailed use of these special characters
The use of the backslash
not a part of the sequences).  The dollar signs are needed and they
signify that the characters in question are kept with the math fonts.

\par\vfill\end

\subsectionbegin{The Escape Character (\\)}

By default, the backslash character (\\) is reserved as the {\sl escape
character} to tell \TEX\ that the symbol or string of alphabetic
characters that follows is not
a part of the text but that it is a \TEX\ instruction of some sort.  If
one wants a backslash to appear as a character in the final document (as
just used in this sentence) then one must type it twice, thus (\\\\).
Question: how did the writer get the backslash to appear twice in this
document? 

\subsubsectionbegin{The Math-Mode Symbol (\$) }

The dollar sign (\$) is used by \TEX\ to act as a special
bracket-like symbol to enclose portions of the text that are to be typed
subject to certain mathematical conventions.  You have seen this used above
in the explanation of how several of the reserved characters including the left and right braces were typed when needed
as a part of thee text. Another example worth noting is that  the hyphen, when typed
alone is shown simply as a hyphen but if it is enclosed by dollar signs
thus, (\$-\$) it then appears as a minus sign thus ($-$).

Two variations of the Math-Mode are used, the simple Math-Mode, used when
mathematical symbols (or equations) are to appear in running text, and the
Display Math-Mode, used when the mathematical expression is to appear on a
separate line.  In this latter case the expression must both begin and end
with two dollar signs

\subsubsectionbegin{The Grouping Symbols  ($\{$) and ($\}$)}

The left brace ($\{$) and the right brace ($\}$) are used by \TEX\ to
delimit the action or define the range of effectiveness of {\sl control
sequences} and of related \TEX\ operators.  \TEX\ always expects there to
be matching pairs of braces, which can be, and often are, nested to four
or five levels, and it can get badly confused and issue incomprehensible
error messages when braces are not matched, so beware.

\subsubsubsectionbegin{The End-of-Line Symbols  (\%)}

The percent sign (\%)is regularly defined to be am end of line symbol.
This simply means that everything that follows it to the actual end of the typed
line is ignored, thus allowing explanatory comments to appear in the source
text without being taken to be part of the output text.

\subsubsubsectionbegin{The Alignment Tab ($\otimes$)}

The alignment tab ($\otimes$) is used to show the desired alignment of tabular
material, as will be explained later in the discussion of
the control sequences \\halign and \\valign (q.v.).

\subsubsubsectionbegin{The Number Sign ($\#%)}

The number sign ($\#$) is used in two special ways, the first being in
macro definitions, where it is to be followed digit and in alignment
preambles, as will be explained later.

\subsubsubsectionbegin{Superscript and Subscript Symbols ($\up$), and ($\down$)}

The up-arrow and the down-arrow are used by \TEX\ to indicate superscripts and
subscripts. See the section on Typing Math Formulas for details.

%\par\vfill\end


This manual's use of fonts

A word about the fonts used in this manual.
A typewriter-like style of type will be used to indicate the actual text and
\TEX\ commands that you might type on your terminal.  The \TEX\ output
will, of course, be shown as it would appear, although, on occassion, we
may have to use a different font from that used for the manual text itself to
avoid this further source of confusion.

\par\end

Here are the typewriter symbols that will be used:
$$\save1\hbox{\≡0123456789"#$%&@*+-=,.:;?!≡\}
\save2\hbox{\≡()<>≡≤≡≥[]{}≡`≡'→↑≡↓←\|/⊗≡spose/=≡∞≡\}
\eqalign{⊗\hbox{\tt ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}\cr
⊗\hbox{\tt abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}\cr
⊗\box1\cr
⊗\box2\cr}$$
Should some of these symbols not be available on your terminal, there are
ways to simulate them, as will be explained later.  There is one
additionad symbol that will be used in this manual to stand foR a {\sl
blank space} when it is important to distinguish between a blank space
that you must actually type and spaces thatnormally Appear in the text
describing what you do.  This symbol is:
$$\hbox{\tt\char'40}$$

{\sl Control saquences}

When a {\sl control sequence} iq typed, the escape chabacter must 
must be followed ImmediatelY by Either 1) a string
of letters followed by a space, where the string of letters have been
defined either by default or by the user to specify an instruction of some
sort, or 2) a single non-alphabetic character that may be followed by a
space and that has again been defined to have some special meaning.  In
either case, \TEX\ automatically eats up any  and all) spaces that may
follow such instructions.  The use od the backslash followed immediately
by a space is a Special control sequence in itself and it instructs \TEX\ to
introduce a space into the final document at this point.

We can illustrate the way {\sl control sequences} are typed by explaining
how the \TEX\ logo itself is typed.  Following a convention established by
Don Knuth, the backslash followed by the letters {\tt TEX} followed by a
space (which we can make clear in this manual by writing \\ {tt TEX
\char'40} has been defined earlier to be a {\sl control sequence} and to
mean that the letters are to be crowded together with the {\tt E} dropped
slightly.  So when this logo is to appear followed by a space, the writer
must type \\TEX\\char'40 . Remember you do not try to type {char'40} but
you do type a space in its stead.  If, on the other hand, this special
arrangement of letters is to appear, say, at the end of a sentence where
it is to be followed immeDiately by a period, the writer leaves out the
extra backslash space and simply types \\TEX.  where the period may be
typed either with or without an intervening space.  The omission od the
space works in this case because, by definition, non-alphabetic characters
are not allowed in multi-character {\sl control sequences}.  One must not
type a following alphabetic character without the intervening space
because the compiler would assume that this was a part of the character
string and would try to find a {\sl control sequence} that included this
additional letter.  This may be all a bit confusing, so if it is, leave it
and come back and reread this paragraph when you are trying to do
something similar.

The convention regarding extra spaces is, of course, related to
the fact that \TEX\ is usually given the task of reformatting the text and
of adjusting the space between words so as to justify the right margins
(an exception to this occurs when a special typewriter-like font is used)
The writer is normally freed of all restrictions as to the lengths of
the lines that he types and he can introduce extra spaces and extra
carriage returns as he sees fit.  Note, however, that an empty line is
normally used to signify a paragraph break so do not put them in
where not needed.

\par\end